Chapter 30

1. Which of the following features does NOT characterize the chordates
a. pharyngeal slits.
b. notochord.
c. dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
d. ganglia.
e. postanal tail.

2. The neural crest is specific for
a. vertebrates.
b. invertebrates.
c. deuterostomes.
d. bilateria.
e. eumetazoa.

3. Agnathans are distinct from the other modern fish classes due to
a. the bony skeleton.
b. their encasement in bony plates.
c. their cartilage skeleton.
d. the absence of jaws.
e. the development of teeth.

4. In vertebrates, jaws developed from the _ , whereas in arthropods they developed from _ .
a. cranium/thorax
b. cranium/cephalothorax
c. gill slits/appendages
d. skeleton/appendages,
e. appendages/skeleton

5. The lateral line system on sharks enables them to sense
a. sound.
b. light.
c. water pressure.
d. smell.
e. electricity.

6. Sharks may lay eggs that hatch in the water (_), retain the fertilized eggs in the body (_), or develop a placenta that feeds the embryos (_).
a. ovoviviparous/oviparous/ viviparous
b. oviparous/ovoviviparous/viviparous
c. oviparous/viviparous /ovoviviparous
d. viviparous/oviparous/ovoviviparous
e. viviparous/ovoviviparous/oviparous

7. A cloaca is
a. the reproductive tract in most vertebrates.
b. the excretory organ in most vertebrates.
c. the combined reproductive tract and excretory organ in most vertebrates.
d. the organ that retains fertilized eggs in most vertebrates.
e. the intestine of most vertebrates.

8. Amphibians may complete their life cycle
a. in water and land.
b. only in water.
c. only on land.
d. on humid land.
e. all of the above

9. The amnion is
a. an egg with a water-retaining shell.
b. an extraembryonic membrane.
c. a fluid that protects the embryo.
d. nutrition that the embryo feeds on while growing.
e. the uterus lining of reptiles.

10. Reptilian scales contain _ to make the skin waterproof.
a. keratin
b. chitin
c. wax
d. cellulose
e. lignin

11. One cloudy days, reptiles move relatively slowly because
a. their food sources retreat.
b. they need evaporative cooling to keep an optimal body temperature.
c. colder temperatures slow the gas exchange.
d. they are stimulated by sunlight.
e. fast movements require external heat input.

12. Dinosaurs became largely extinct during the _ period, about _ million years ago.
a. Devonian/360
b. Permian/245
c. Triassic/208
d. Cretaceous/65
e. Tertiary/35

13. The main feature that sets birds and archaeopteryx apart from other reptiles are
a. feathers.
b. clawed limbs.
c. teeth.
d. tail with vertebrae.
e. the ability to fly.

14. A carina is
a. a tooth found in archaeopteryx.
b. a support structure within avian bones.
c. a sternal keel.
d. a modified finger bone in a bird's wing.
e. the head bone of a bird.

15. The mammalian four-chambered heart is advantageous because
a. it is safer than a one- or two-chambered heart.
b. it ensures better oxygen supply to the muscle cells.
c. it can support the development of an embryo.
d. it allows for larger body sizes.
e. it allows for a larger brain size.

16. Echidnas are an example of _, koalas of _ and cats of _ .
a. marsupials/placental mammal/monotremes/
b. monotremes/marsupials/placental mammal
c. monotremes/placental mammal/marsupials
d. placental mammal/marsupials/monotremes
e. placental mammal/monotremes/marsupials

17. Primates closest related to humans are the
a. old world monkeys.
b. chimpanzees.
c. gorillas.
d. gibbons.
e. orangutans.

18. At some points during the past 4 million years, _ different hominid species co-existed.
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five
e. six

19. The first use of tools by humans is thought to occur with the evolution of
a. the bipedalism.
b. the opposable thumb.
c. an enlarged brain.
d. the loss of body hair.
e. an increase in body size.

20. The multiregional model of human evolution estimates that ancestors of modern humans migrated from Africa about _ years ago, whereas the monogenesis model predicts that our ancestors migrated from Africa roughly _ years ago.
a. 3.5 million/700 thousand
b. 700 thousand/3.5 million
c. 1.5 million/100 thousand
d. 100 thousand/1.5 million
e. 1 million/50 thousand